Supreme Court backs judges' recusals in big donors' cases
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
By CHRISTY HOPPE / The Dallas Morning News
choppe@dallasnews.com
AUSTIN – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled Monday that judges must step aside in cases involving their large political contributors, prompting renewed calls for Texas to change a system in which judges raise money to run in partisan elections.
Experts and lawmakers said the decision, which was narrowly drawn and did not set a standard for what is impermissible influence, might not force immediate change in Texas, where contributions to judges are limited. But advocates of reform, including Texas Supreme Court Justice Wallace Jefferson, said they hoped it would focus the debate on how to improve the system.
The 5-4 ruling in a West Virginia case "challenges us to do more to remove the perception that judicial campaign contributions influence decisions in Texas courts," said Jefferson, a Republican who won re-election in November after spending more than $842,000.
Months ago, speaking before the Legislature, he was blunt about the problem, saying: "This is an area where perception itself destroys public confidence."
Since 1995, Texas has had contribution limits in judicial races: Individual families can donate $5,000, and political action committees are limited to $300,000.
Most experts said that those limits could prevent a conflict as significant as the one in the West Virginia case, Caperton vs. Massey Coal Co., in which the chief justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court must now recuse himself from a $50 million suit because he accepted $3 million in campaign contributions from the top executive of the coal plant.
But criticism is not unprecedented. The question of influence over the Texas Supreme Court arose last year when the court overturned an $800,000 arbitration award to Bob and Jane Cull of Mansfield, who had sued Houston homebuilder Bob Perry, the largest GOP contributor in the state.
The Culls had lodged a 10-year fight over a house with cracked foundations and walls, but their court victories were set aside by the state's highest court, where all nine of the justices had received contributions from Perry totaling $260,000. The contributions were directly from him and through a political action committee.
Texans for Public Justice, which has fought to rid judicial campaigns of political money, said the U.S. Supreme Court ruling shows that Texas judges should stop raising money from those who have business before the court.
"The court invites greater scrutiny – and more federal challenges – to determine when the corrupting influence of judicial campaign money violates the U.S. Constitution," said the group's director, Craig McDonald.
Texas is one of four states where all general jurisdictional judges are selected in partisan elections, along with Louisiana, Alabama and West Virginia.
The system works just fine, said Kirsten Gray, a spokeswoman for the Texas Democratic Party. Both the Republican and Democratic parties have fought legislation that would change how the state elects its judges, saying Texans are fiercely protective of the opportunity to vote for judges.
Partisan labels are helpful for voters, and appointing judges doesn't remove the politics, Gray said.
"Whether chosen by voters or appointed by the governor, ideology will be taken into account, so it's better to have those people who live in that area chose their own judges," Gray said.
Sen. Robert Duncan, R-Lubbock, and former Chief Justice Tom Phillips have both worked for a system in which judges are appointed and then the voters decide whether to retain them in office.
"The most useful thing the opinion might do is give further background to the debate on how we select judges," Phillips said.
With partisan labels and money-raising pressures, "the whole system is bad," he said.
Duncan said he doubts the court decision will be much of an impetus to change Texas' ways because "there are just too many stakeholders who have an interest in keeping it the way we have it."
But it could cause more judges to be asked to step aside in cases where their campaign donors have an interest.
"In Texas, we need to take some time and scratch our heads and ask, 'Do we have sufficient safeguards to keep these situations from happening,' " Duncan said. "We've attempted to address some of those kinds of abuses, but if it is enough, I don't know."
AT A GLANCE: JUDICIAL ELECTIONS
The case decided Monday has drawn a spotlight on the skyrocketing costs of judicial elections:ELECTED HIGH COURTS: Supreme court justices are elected in 21 states, including Texas.
OTHER JUDICIAL VOTES: Eighteen other states hold elections for other judicial positions.
MONEY RAISED: A judicial reform group has found that state supreme court candidates raised almost $168 million from 2000 to 2007, nearly double the amount raised in the 1990s.
AT A GLANCE: THE RULING
The decision: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that elected judges must recuse themselves in "extreme" cases where huge campaign contributions create the perception that they will be biased in favor of their campaign benefactors.Case reviewed: The court decided a West Virginia Supreme Court justice erred in participating in a case overturning a $50 million verdict against a company headed by a man who spent $3 million on the justice's election.
Swing vote: The decision reinforced the pivotal role of Justice Anthony Kennedy, who often is in position to decide controversial cases. He sided with Justices John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer.
Dissenting judges: They predicted that the decision would generate groundless litigation and undermine confidence in the judiciary. "It is an old cliché," Chief Justice John Roberts wrote, "but sometimes the cure is worse than the disease." He was joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.
